Since the first sociological approach to the city, its ambivalence has been linked to opposing human needs (Simmel, 1903; Elias, 1936, 1989). Park (1915) and Wirth (1938) expanded on the ambivalent features of the city as the coexistence of maximum expression of individual freedom and the pressure of social control. This is the context in which the social figure of the fl neur (Benjamin, 1927-1940) was developed. Modern sociologists contributed to the hypothesis that large cities demonstrate a variety of ambivalent aspects (Goffman, 1971, 1974).
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